The research purpose was to identifying a model of factors affecting human resource outsourcing (HRO) in Maroon Petrochemical Company. The research is considered practical in terms of purpose and descriptive-exploratory based on mixed method, in terms of data collection. The statistical population was experts and experts of Maroon petrochemical company in the field of human resources. The number of these people was reported 15. For data analysis, interpretive-structural modeling was used. The results showed that the variables of increasing flexibility, decreasing organizational costs and improving creativity have an independent role in the model and on the intermediary and dependent variables of the model have a significant effect. The dependent variables of the model were: decrease of technology investment, gaining the good image and increasing security, in addition to the independent variables mentioned, influenced by the intermediary variables including factors product quality development, increasing the change need, increasing technological changes and the use of new technology, focusing more on core activities, achieving new capabilities, improving operational performance, using educational services, acquiring new experiences, providing new services, improving management, risk management and Agility organization.

In the real world, in every PROBLEM, decision making of stakeholder of that PROBLEM is very important. Sometimes, at first, the definition of the PROBLEM is ambiguous, and the stakeholders of the PROBLEM, even at the stage of definition, are in conflict. The subject of stakeholders with different thoughts and sometimes incompatible thoughts has not been considered in traditional operational research (hard) and to structure these PROBLEMs, it is necessary to use the new approaches to operational research that address the disparate categories of stakeholders (emancipating / critical and postmodern paradigms). If the nature of the PROBLEM is complex, choosing an appropriate approach among the above mentioned approaches is of particular importance. In the present study, after introducing various state of stakeholders, bring together the concept of paradigm in operational research and introducing relevant methodologies, describes the paradigm selection model and PROBLEM-solving methodology in the framework of the SOSM which proposes a postmodern paradigm for complex PROBLEMs with coercive stakeholder. After reviewing the postmodern basics, a brief overview of postmodern thinking in the operational research is presented and after introducing the basics of postmodern operational research and its corresponding methodology, describes how it works based on that.

Objective Food security holds such strategic significance that ensuring it plays a pivotal role in a nation's economic and political self-reliance. The growing reliance on foreign governments for essential food supply considerably undermines a country's political and economic leverage on the global stage. Regrettably, Iran finds itself grappling with over 90 percent dependency on the oilseeds sector, consequently amplifying the nation's susceptibility. Thus, the current study addresses this critical concern, vital for a nation's sustenance. Accordingly, this study comprises the development and cultivation plan of oilseeds in the Islamic Republic of Iran intending to portray a deep-rooted power system that has been formed in the food security system that hinders the optimal implementation strategies. Consequently, the paper aims to provide a model of key stakeholders in the field of food security by employing the PROBLEM STRUCTURING Method (PSM), in search of better analysis of policies and supporting strategies. Methods The study employs stakeholder analysis to introduce the actual stakeholders followed by cognitive mapping, considering the chaotic nature of the issue and STRUCTURING the PROBLEM for providing an agreed and committed solution. To this aim, FC mapper software is employed for concept mapping, interrelation, and important analysis. Oilseeds Stakeholders were chosen according to the library research method and upstream documents. It was followed by semi-structured interviews with 25 food security experts who have been selected through snowball sampling, for STRUCTURING the mentioned stakeholders in a comprehensive model. Results First, in the qualitative part, according to documents a list of 90 stakeholders was proposed. Then, Through the process of conducting expert interviews and utilizing cognitive mapping, while also taking into account additional factors like the objectives, responsibilities, and authorities of the relevant stakeholders, the aim was to ascertain the outcomes of the oilseed development and cultivation plan. Also, the degree of influence, effectiveness, and centrality of all influencing factors were determined which declares their priority as well. Accordingly, the Iranian Ministry of Agricultural is the most influential stakeholder with a value of 0.67, and food security and economic independence with a value of 0.51 is the most influential outcome among other outcomes. Conclusion The research focuses on the systematic formulation of the oilseed cultivation challenge in Iran, culminating in the development of a model to recognize stakeholders, delineate their objectives, responsibilities, and authorities, and analyze the ramifications of the implementation plan using the PSM. Identifying stakeholders as well as their power and interest, goals, and consequences, in a comprehensive model leads to significant implications for the management and maki-policy of the food security system and plays a more effective role in improving the conditions. The obtained outcomes were endorsed and utilized by the Hekmat Institute of Research Policy and Strategic Studies, which provided financial backing for the study.

Background and Aim: Hospital waste is the second most hazardous waste after radioactive waste. Although this waste threatens the health of citizens and the environment, disagreements between responsible organizations have made the management of hospital waste a serious PROBLEM. Inefficient management of this waste and the increase of its volume due to the spread of the coronavirus disease have increased the need to study this issue. So, this issue in the country requires accurate scientific, practical, and technical frameworks calculated according to the waste management law and relevant executive regulations. Therefore, in this study, to improve the inter-organizational PROBLEMs of waste management, the conflicts and contradictions between the stakeholders of this issue were studied and structured. Material and Methods: In this paper, participants were first identified using the journey-making method. Then, by drawing a power-interest diagram, the role of each participant was determined, and the main actors were identified. Next, the PROBLEM of hospital waste management actors was structured by the drama theory. Results: The results showed that according to the priorities and decision options of the five main actors at the negotiating table, there are many PROBLEMs of non-cooperation and conflict between them. The most conflict is formed between waste organizations and hospitals and the most important type of PROBLEM between organizations is the PROBLEM of rejecting each other’, s options. Conclusion: Conflicts caused by rejection dilemmas can be considered the best type of conflict that can be improved by compromise and cooperation of organizations with each other. In this situation, these conflicts can be turned into cooperation by negotiating, flexibility, compromise, and of course, innovation in offering newer options.

Energy is one of the most important keys to achieve prosperity and sustainable development in the economic and political systems. Energy extraction, storage, transmission and its consumption is coupled with environmental pollution. Achieving long-term and major goals in the field of energy and its supply and observance of environmental priorities require planning and developing functional and operational strategies. Green supply chain management, is a concept that has been formed in the recent years to ensure the provision of environmental priorities and social responsibilities of institutions and organizations at all stages of production, transmission and consumption of the product. Developing strategies for the production of energy along with the observance of the green supply chain management standards, is a complex, time consuming and costly process that includes consideration of various groups. Each of the impressive and impressionable groups has different levels of interest and power that their role for participating in the development of the strategies is defined according to them. Ignorance of the role of each of the various groups can result in the lack of proper implementation of the developed strategy. In this paper, the participants have been identified with JOURNEY making approach. Then the relationships between these identified participants have been illustrated by Power/Interest Grid. In the final step, for STRUCTURING the PROBLEM of green gas supply chain strategy making, the Drama Theory have been utilized. Using this approach in Soft OR, led us systematically and comprehensively know better the preferences and options of each identified party and the probable confrontation and cooperation between them. The Options Board and Tug of War are two illustrating figures that helps to find out existing dilemmas.

Objective: During the past decades, many studies have been conducted on the internationalization of universities. Some of these studies, referring to the ranking systems, have introduced them as a reliable source for evaluating the international position of the university, and on the other hand, some have questioned the existence of these systems. Until now, few studies have been conducted to structure the complexities in the phenomenon of the internationalization of universities. In this research, the main goal is to present a hybrid model to analyze the complexities of the internationalization issue of the University of Tehran and ultimately to gain a deeper understanding of this phenomenon in line with better policies in the real issue. Materials and Methods: In this research, focusing on the issue of Tehran University's international position, after explaining the need to simultaneously look at the different dimensions of the complexity of this issue, a combined method of applying research in soft operations and research in hard operations is presented; based on the need to simultaneously pay attention to the role of actors in the PROBLEMatic situation, the mental models of each category of actors have been extracted and also, the solutions to face the PROBLEMatic situation have been identified and prioritized. The method of this research is mixed type (qualitative-quantitative) and in this regard, by using the opinions of experts and applying the methodology of Soft Systems and the Best-Worst method, the solutions to face the PROBLEMatic situation have been identified and prioritized, and the final conceptual model has been developed. In the qualitative part of this research, semi-structured interview and snowball sampling method were used. For this purpose, experts were placed in two categories of close and distant stakeholders based on a classification. The criterion for saturation of the interviews was reaching theoretical saturation which was achieved after a total of 29 interviews. In the quantitative part of this research, the non-random sampling method and available samples were used; standard questionnaires were distributed among the interviewees of the qualitative part, and finally, 26 questionnaires were used for the final analysis. Analyzes related to the influence of the opinions of each group of actors in the configuration of the final model are also presented based on the collected data of the analysis and, the practical suggestions regarding facing the PROBLEMatic situation have been presented. Results and Conclusion: Based on the findings of this research, the factors affecting the situation of the PROBLEM maker were divided into three categories: main, consensus, and miscellaneous factors. The main factors are the most important from the point of view of handling, and other factors are at the next priority levels. Based on the obtained results, four main solutions have been identified to face the PROBLEMatic situation, and operational measures corresponding to each of them have been proposed.

The PROBLEM of personal identity among others may stem from the following question—what does be the person that you are, from one day to the next, necessarily consist of? The diachronic PROBLEM of personal identity raises question on the necessary and sufficient conditions for the identity of the person over time. The synchronic PROBLEM is grounded in the question of what features or traits characterize a given person at one time. To answer these questions, John Locke discarded the soul and the body as necessary and sufficient substances for personal identity over time. He accepted consciousness as the only criterion for personal identity; the only thing capable of remaining the same and preserving personal identity through change. Though Locke’s argument is somewhat clear and coherent but what remains vague and incoherent is embedded in the question—what exactly is consciousness? How and why should it be the basis or criterion for the determination of personal identity? Using the method of critical analysis, I argue that Locke’s choice of consciousness as the determinant of personal identity, though quite novel, is incoherent and vague. Secondly, Locke had already presumed and anticipated clearly though fallaciously the very thing he wishes to substantiate. I therefore conclude that Locke’s argument is just another way of trying to escape but inadvertently prolonging the difficulty of apparently articulating a distinction between the psychological approach and physiological approach to the PROBLEM of personal identity. However, in my submission, I propose the concept of the “other” as alternative approach— a sort of an extrinsic-intrinsic approach to the PROBLEM of personal identity.

Policies for exemption or charging absence period, are disputed. The aim of this research is analyzing exemption fee law in military service. Dunn coins a proper model to policy analysis. This includes PROBLEM STRUCTURING and PROBLEM solving. Here, we focus on STRUCTURING military service law as a PROBLEM. It’s analyzed adversely how this section is made in the budget and different alternatives, stakeholders and assumptions are posed separately. It’s also showed why it’s enacted and finally monitoring and primary evaluation is done. At last, we can see that it is based on some assumptions of stakeholders, makes it ill-structured and the substantive PROBLEM of military service is still unsolved.